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Introduction

Magnetometers are fascinating instruments used extensively for measuring magnetic fields. These devices find applications ranging from geophysical surveys to space missions. Here, we delve into the various types of magnetometers and their operating principles, providing a concise understanding suitable for enthusiasts and professionals alike. 

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Types of Magnetometers 

Station-Type Magnetometers 

These are built with magnetic detectors based on saturated core-type transformers, allowing for detailed geomagnetic measurements including declination and total field intensity. 

Resonance Magnetometers 

 Utilize resonant properties of materials to measure magnetic fields with high sensitivity. They are especially useful for scientific and biomedical applications. 

Induction Magnetometers 

Often used without electronic components, these instruments measure geomagnetic fields and are known for their simplicity and reliability. 

Optical Magnetometers 

Use light-matter interactions within atomic vapors to measure magnetic fields. These devices have improved in sensitivity and versatility, making them suitable for a range of modern applications including magnetic field mapping in space. 

Electromagnetometers 

A class of active sensors that measure both magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity, suitable for detailed geophysical surveys. 

MEMS Magnetometers 

Based on microelectromechanical systems, these devices offer precision magnetic field detection and are utilized in industries ranging from oceanographic to biomedical. 

Nuclear Magnetometers 

These devices exploit nuclear magnetic resonance to provide extremely accurate magnetic field measurements, useful in both relative and absolute terms. 

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Detailed Look at Lusospace Magnetometers: DMAG, MAG28, and MAG15 

All technical and datasheets can be found here: https://lusospace.com/magnetometers/ 

In magnetometers, the specific models designed by Lusospace—DMAG, MAG28, and MAG15—stand out due to their specialized features and tailored applications for space missions. These models are developed with advanced technologies and have unique characteristics that distinguish them from other types of magnetometers. Let’s delve deeper into each model and explore their benefits compared to more traditional magnetometer types. 

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Lusospace Magnetometer Models 

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Digital Magnetometer (DMAG)

Technology: Utilizes AMR (Anisotropic MagnetoResistance) technology. 

Configuration: Provides three-axis digital readings of the magnetic field. 

Field Range: +/- 65000 nT with a noise level of <= 20 nT (3 Sigma). 

Special Features: Compact design, low power consumption (<1.5 W), and a weight of <= 300 g make it ideal for compact space missions. 

Benefits: The digital interface (RS485 or CAN) allows for precise and easy integration with other digital systems on spacecraft. Its low noise level enhances the accuracy of attitude determination in spacecraft navigation. 

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MAG28 Magnetometer 

Technology: Also uses AMR technology. 

Configuration: Offers three-axis analogue readings, which can be particularly useful for continuous signal processing. 

Field Range: +/- 70000 nT with a noise level of <= 40 nT (2 Sigma). 

Special Features: +28V power interface which allows power supply the MAG28 directly from the satellite main power bus. It provides options for customizable output swing and a robust design suitable for varied space conditions. 

Benefits: The analogue interface of MAG28 might be preferable in applications where real-time field modulation is crucial. The slightly higher field range gives it an edge in environments with strong magnetic influences. 

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MAG15 Magnetometer 

Technology: Incorporates AMR technology. 

Configuration: Provides analogue three-axis readings of magnetic fields. 

Field Range: +/- 64000 nT with exceptionally low noise of <= 3 nT / sqrt(Hz). 

Special Features: +/-15V power interface allowing power supply from secondary power source. It is the lightest of the three, weighing <260 g, and has a very low power consumption (<1.0 W). It also provides options for customizable output swing and a robust design suitable for varied space conditions. 

Benefits: MAG15’s low noise level is a significant advantage for high-precision measurements required in scientific satellite missions and deep-space probes where minimal interference from equipment is crucial. 

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Comparison and Unique Advantages 

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Differentiation from Traditional Magnetometers 

Technology: Unlike traditional fluxgate or coil-based magnetometers, Lusospace’s models use AMR technology, which offers greater sensitivity and smaller size, crucial for space applications where every gram of payload matters. 

Digital vs. Analogue Readings: The option between digital and analogue readings allows for flexibility depending on the of the selected satellite platform. Digital models (like the DMAG) integrate easily with modern digital telemetry systems aboard spacecraft, while analogue models (like the MAG28 and MAG15) are prized for their robustness and simplicity in signal processing. 

Noise Levels: The low noise levels in these magnetometers are critical for space missions, where precision is paramount. Traditional magnetometers might not consistently achieve such low noise figures, especially in smaller or lighter designs. 

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Benefits Over Other Types 

Size and Weight: These models are specifically designed to be compact and lightweight, which is a significant advantage in space missions where space and weight are at a premium. 

Customizability: Each model can be customized to fit specific mission needs, which is not always possible with off-the-shelf magnetometers designed for general purposes. 

Mission-Specific Features: Features like radiation hardness, robustness against extreme temperatures, and high reliability under the harsh conditions of space are specifically tailored for space applications, unlike many ground-based or general-purpose magnetometers. 

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Conclusion 

Magnetometers are essential tools in a plethora of fields due to their ability to precisely measure magnetic fields. From the traditional induction types to the high-tech optical and nuclear variants, each type of magnetometer has its niche, depending on the application and required sensitivity. 

The Lusospace magnetometers—DMAG, MAG28, and MAG15—offer specialized solutions tailored for space applications, distinguishing them from traditional magnetometers through advanced technology, customization options, and specific mission-oriented features. Each model brings unique advantages to the table, making them invaluable in the precise and demanding environment of space exploration.